Women Who Drink Alcohol During Pregnancy Can Give Birth to Babies With: Quizlet

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Fetal alcohol exposure occurs when a woman drinks while pregnant. Alcohol can disrupt fetal development at any phase during a pregnancy—including at the earliest stages before a woman even knows she is pregnant.

Research shows that binge drinking and regular heavy drinking put a fetus at the greatest run a risk for severe problems.¹  (The National Institute on Booze Abuse and Alcoholism defines binge drinking equally a design of drinking booze that brings blood alcohol concentration [BAC] to 0.08 per centum—or 0.08 grams of booze per deciliter—or higher. For a typical adult female, this design of booze consumption corresponds to consuming iv or more drinks in near ii hours. [NIAAA. (2007, November). Defining binge drinking. What Colleges Need to Know Now. Available at: https://www.collegedrinkingprevention.gov/media/1College_Bulletin-508_3….]) However, even bottom amounts can cause impairment.^2,3In fact, at that place is no known prophylactic level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

Alcohol passes easily from a mother'south bloodstream into her developing babe's claret. Alcohol present in a developing baby's bloodstream can interfere with the evolution of the brain and other disquisitional organs, structures, and physiological systems.

Prenatal alcohol exposure is a leading preventable crusade of birth defects and neurodevelopmental abnormalities in the U.s.. It can cause a range of developmental, cognitive, and behavioral problems, which can appear at whatsoever time during babyhood and last a lifetime.

The most profound effects of prenatal alcohol exposure are brain damage and the resulting impairments in behavioral and cognitive functioning.

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Scientists define a broad range of effects and symptoms acquired by prenatal alcohol exposure under the umbrella term Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD).

The medical disorders collectively labeled FASD include the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (IOM) diagnostic categories:⁴

• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

• Fractional FAS (pFAS)

• Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND)

• Alcohol-Related Birth Defects (ARBD)

In add-on to the IOM medical diagnoses, the latest edition of theDiagnostic and Statistical Transmission of Mental Disorders(DSM–5) includes the psychiatric diagnosis, Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure (ND-PAE).^five People who meet criteria for an FASD diagnosis according to the IOM may also meet criteria for ND-PAE.

The essential features mutual to the IOM medical diagnoses and the DSM–5 psychiatric diagnosis are prenatal alcohol exposure and primal nervous system (CNS) involvement.

Evidence of CNS involvement tin can be structural (e.g., small brain size, alterations in specific encephalon regions) or functional (due east.g., cognitive and behavioral deficits, motor and coordination problems). Advanced imaging studies accept revealed differences in encephalon structure and activeness that are consistent with data from neuropsychological testing, including deficits in sensory processing, cognition, and behavior in persons with FASD compared to people without FASD.^vi

FASD-Related Problems

Each individual with FASD experiences a unique combination of day-to-day challenges that may include medical, behavioral, educational, and social problems. People with FASD may take difficulty in the following areas:^seven

• Learning and remembering

• Understanding and following directions

• Shifting attending

• Controlling emotions and impulsivity

• Communicating and socializing

• Performing daily life skills, including feeding, bathing, counting money, telling time, and minding personal safety

FASD-related brain damage makes information technology hard to address routine life situations. Information technology causes people to make bad decisions, repeat the same mistakes, trust the incorrect people, and take difficulty agreement the consequences of their deportment.

FASD cases are seriously under-diagnosed. FASD tin be difficult for practitioners to distinguish from other developmental disorders since these disorders share certain learning and behavioral problems.

In addition, people with FASD are more probable to suffer from the following mental health disorders:^eight

• Attending Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

• Low and anxiety

• Bug with hyperactivity, conduct, and impulse control

• Increased incidence of alcohol and other substance employ disorders

Key Statistics for the United States—Maternal Drinking

• About twenty to 30 percentage of women have reported drinking at some point during pregnancy—near typically during the first trimester.¹²

• More than 8 per centum of women have reported binge drinking at some time during pregnancy—most typically during the first trimester.¹²

• Near x pct of meaning women reported drinking alcohol in the previous month.¹³

• Almost 5 percentage of pregnant women reported rampage drinking in the previous month (4 or more drinks per occasion).¹³

Relevant Clinical Diagnoses

IOM Diagnoses

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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) was the kickoff grade of FASD discovered and is the most well-known. Heavy alcohol use during the kickoff trimester of pregnancy can disrupt normal development of the confront and the brain. In fact, exposure at any point during gestation may affect encephalon development. An FAS diagnosis requires:

• Evidence of prenatal alcohol exposure

• Evidence of central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities (structural or functional)

• A specific pattern of three facial abnormalities: narrow heart openings, a smooth area between the lip and the nose (vs. the normal ridge), and a thin upper lip

• Growth deficits either prenatally, after birth, or both

Partial FAS (pFAS)

Partial FAS (pFAS) involves prenatal alcohol exposure, and includes some, but not all, of the characteristics of full FAS.

Booze-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND)

A diagnosis of Booze-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND) requires evidence of both prenatal alcohol exposure and CNS abnormalities, which may be structural or functional. Functional abnormalities may involve a complex blueprint of cognitive or behavioral issues that are not consequent with developmental level, and that cannot exist explained past factors other than prenatal alcohol exposure (e.g., family background, environment, and other toxicities). Facial abnormalities and growth retardation need not be nowadays.

Alcohol-Related Nascency Defects (ARBD)

This disorder includes medical weather linked to prenatal alcohol exposure such as: eye, kidney, and os problems and other malformations; difficulty seeing and hearing; and reduced immune function. Alcohol-Related Nascency Defects (ARBD) is rarely seen alone merely rather equally a secondary disorder accompanying other FASD conditions (eastward.chiliad., FAS and ARBD).

DSM–five Diagnosis

Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure (ND-PAE)

Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure (ND-PAE) is a new psychiatric diagnosis in the DSM–5. It requires evidence of both prenatal alcohol exposure and CNS interest, as indicated by impairments in the following three areas: knowledge, self-regulation, and adaptive operation. This new diagnosis for employ past mental health professionals will improve understanding of the multifaceted behavioral deficits seen in some people exposed to alcohol prenatally, and facilitate improved diagnosis and treatment of these individuals.

Risk Factors⁹

The severity of alcohol's furnishings on a fetus primarily depends on the following:

• Quantity—how much a pregnant woman drinks per occasion

• Frequency—how often a pregnant woman drinks

• Timing—in what stage of pregnancy a adult female drinks and if she drinks heavily simply equally the fetus develops a particular feature or brain region

Other factors tin can also play a role in how prenatal booze exposure affects children. These include:​

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Maternal Characteristics

Inquiry demonstrates that children may be more than affected past prenatal alcohol exposure if their mothers:

• Accept poor nutrition

• Have had multiple pregnancies and births

• Have lower-than-average weight, height, and torso mass index (BMI)

• Fume

• Are older

• Are a member of a family of heavy drinkers

Environmental Factors

Enquiry demonstrates that children can exist more affected by prenatal booze exposure if their mothers experience adverse-living conditions and high levels of stress. These may include: social isolation, living in circumstances where booze misuse is mutual and accepted, and living in a community where resource for prenatal care are limited.

Genetics

The extent of FASD symptoms may depend on the mother's genetic makeup, her child's genetic makeup, and changes in gene activity caused by prenatal alcohol exposure.

Interventions

Researchers and clinicians have developed constructive learning and behavioral interventions to help people with FASD. For example, school-based interventions can help children with FASD learn more than easily. School-based interventions may include specialized didactics strategies that provide a consistent routine and allow children to exercise new skills over and again.^x Other promising interventions include:

• Family support groups and classes to help parents ameliorate care for a child with FASD.¹⁰

• Nutritional supplements for meaning women and postnatal supplements for their children.¹¹

• Behavioral interventions for affected children, including grooming in social skills, problem solving, and personal safety.^ten

For more than information, please visit: https://world wide web.niaaa.nih.gov.

¹ Maier, S.Due east., and W, J.R. Drinking patterns and alcohol-related nascence defects.Booze Research and Health25(three):168–169, 2001.

² Hamilton, D.A., Barto, D., Rodriguez, C.I., Magcalas, C.Chiliad., Fink, B.C., Rice, J.P., Bird, C.W., Davies, S., and Roughshod, D.D. Effects of moderate prenatal booze exposure and historic period on social beliefs, spatial response perseveration errors and motor behavior.Behavioral Encephalon Research269: 44–54, 2014.

³ Day Northward.L., Helsel, A., Sonon, Yard., and Goldschmidt, L. The association between prenatal alcohol exposure and behavior at 22 years of age.Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Inquiry 37(7):1171–1178, 2013.

⁴ Stratton, One thousand., Howe, C., and Battaglia, F. (eds.)Fetal Booze Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment. The Institute of Medicine Report. Washington, DC: National Academy Printing, 1996.

⁵ American Psychiatric Association.Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (pp. 86, 798–801). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2013.

⁶ Moore, Eastward.M., Migliorini, R., Infante, M.A., and Riley, E.P. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Recent neuroimaging findings.Current Developmental Disorders Reports1(3):161–172, 2014.

^vii Mattson, S. North., Crocker, N., and Nguyen, T.T. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Neuropsychological and behavioral features.Neuropsychology Review21(two):81–100, 2011.

^viii O'Connor, M.J. Mental health outcomes associated with prenatal booze exposure: Genetic and environmental factors.Current Developmental Disorders Reports1(iii):181–188, 2014.

⁹ May, P.A., and Gossage, J.P. Maternal adventure factors for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.Alcohol Inquiry & Health 34(1):sixteen–23, 2011.

^ten Paley, B., and O'Connor, Grand.J. Intervention for individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Treatment approaches and case direction.Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 15:258–267, 2009.

^eleven Warren, K.R.; Hewitt, B.Thousand.; and Thomas, J.D. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Research challenges and opportunities.Alcohol Research & Health34(1):4–14, 2011.

¹² Ethen, G.1000., Ramadhani, T.A., Scheuerle, A.E., Canfield, 1000.A., Wyszynski, D.F., Druschel, C.M., and Romitti, P.A., National Nativity Defects Prevention Study. Alcohol consumption by women before and during pregnancy.Maternal and Child Health Periodical thirteen(2):274–285, 2009.

¹³ Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Assistants (SAMHSA). Tabular array half dozen.20B—Alcohol Use, Binge Alcohol Apply, and Heavy Alcohol Employ in Past Month among Females Aged 15 to 44, by Pregnancy Status, Demographic, Socioeconomic, and Pregnancy Characteristics: Percentages, 2018 and 2019. Available at: https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/cbhsq-reports/NSDUHDetailedTabs2018R2/NSDUHDetTabsSect6pe2018.htm#tab6-20b. Accessed 9/25/20.

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Source: https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/fetal-alcohol-exposure

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